# RR3 Network Security Analysis

**Analysis Date:** February 23, 2026  
**APK Version:** Real Racing 3 v14.0.1  
**Security Auditor:** Community Server Project

---

## 🔒 Executive Summary

**Overall Security Rating:** 🔴 **HIGH RISK - Production Not Recommended**

The RR3 APK's network implementation uses HTTPS/TLS for encryption but **disables all certificate validation**, making it vulnerable to Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attacks. This was likely an intentional design choice by EA/Firemonkeys to support:
- Development/testing environments
- Custom server configurations
- Self-signed certificates

**For Community Servers:** This is actually **beneficial** since it allows:
- ✅ Self-signed SSL certificates (no need for paid certificates)
- ✅ Let's Encrypt certificates without pinning
- ✅ Custom domain names without hostname verification
- ✅ Easy local testing (localhost, 10.0.2.2, etc.)

**Trade-off:** Users are vulnerable to MITM attacks if using untrusted networks.

---

## 🔍 Detailed Security Analysis

### 1. Encryption Status

#### ✅ **Transport Layer Encryption: ENABLED**

**Protocol:** TLS/SSL over HTTPS  
**Implementation:** Native Java `HttpsURLConnection` and `SSLContext`

```smali
# From HttpRequest.smali (CloudCell API)
invoke-static {v3}, Ljavax/net/ssl/SSLContext;->getInstance(Ljava/lang/String;)
# Uses "TLS" protocol
```

**What This Means:**
- All network traffic is encrypted in transit
- Data cannot be read by passive network observers
- Eavesdropping on open WiFi networks requires active MITM attack

---

### 2. Certificate Validation: DISABLED ⚠️

#### 🔴 **Critical Vulnerability #1: Custom TrustManager Bypasses Validation**

**File:** `com/firemonkeys/cloudcellapi/CloudcellTrustManager.java`

**Code Analysis:**
```java
public class CloudcellTrustManager implements X509TrustManager {
    private boolean m_bSSLCheck = false;  // Default: DISABLED
    
    @Override
    public void checkServerTrusted(X509Certificate[] chain, String authType) {
        // Only checks if m_bSSLCheck is true
        if (this.m_bSSLCheck) {
            // Validates certificate chain
            // Checks expiration dates
            // Checks CA signing
        } else {
            // DOES NOTHING - accepts all certificates!
        }
    }
}
```

**Default Behavior:** SSL validation is **OFF** by default (`m_bSSLCheck = false`)

**Impact:**
- Accepts expired certificates
- Accepts self-signed certificates
- Accepts certificates from untrusted CAs
- Accepts certificates for wrong domains

---

#### 🔴 **Critical Vulnerability #2: Empty TrustManager in Http.java**

**File:** `com/firemint/realracing/Http.java`

**Code Analysis:**
```smali
# Http$1.smali (Anonymous TrustManager class)
.method public checkServerTrusted([Ljava/security/cert/X509Certificate;Ljava/lang/String;)V
    .locals 0
    return-void  # DOES NOTHING!
.end method
```

**Behavior:** The `checkServerTrusted()` method is **completely empty** - returns immediately without any validation.

**Impact:**
- Zero certificate validation
- Accepts ANY certificate
- No expiration checks
- No CA chain validation

---

### 3. Hostname Verification: DISABLED ⚠️

#### 🔴 **Critical Vulnerability #3: ALLOW_ALL_HOSTNAME_VERIFIER**

**Files:**
- `com/firemonkeys/cloudcellapi/HttpRequest.java` (line 111)
- `com/firemint/realracing/Http.java` (line 180)

**Code:**
```java
HttpsURLConnection.setDefaultHostnameVerifier(
    SSLSocketFactory.ALLOW_ALL_HOSTNAME_VERIFIER
);
```

**What This Does:**
- Disables hostname verification entirely
- Accepts certificates for ANY domain
- Example: Certificate for `attacker.com` accepted when connecting to `rr3.example.com`

**Attack Scenario:**
1. Attacker creates certificate for `evil.com`
2. DNS hijacked to point `rr3.example.com` → attacker's server
3. Game accepts `evil.com` certificate for `rr3.example.com` connection
4. Attacker can intercept all traffic

---

### 4. Certificate Pinning: NOT IMPLEMENTED

**Status:** ❌ No certificate pinning found

**OkHttp CertificatePinner Detected:**
```smali
# Found in dependencies
Lokhttp3/CertificatePinner;
```

**But:** No pin hashes configured, so pinning is not active.

**What This Means:**
- No hardcoded certificate fingerprints
- Game doesn't validate specific server certificates
- Any valid-looking certificate accepted

**For Community Servers:** This is **GOOD** - allows any SSL certificate!

---

## 🚨 Vulnerability Summary

| # | Vulnerability | Severity | CVSS | Exploitable? |
|---|--------------|----------|------|--------------|
| 1 | **Disabled Certificate Validation** | 🔴 CRITICAL | 8.1 | ✅ YES |
| 2 | **Empty TrustManager (Http.java)** | 🔴 CRITICAL | 8.1 | ✅ YES |
| 3 | **ALLOW_ALL_HOSTNAME_VERIFIER** | 🔴 CRITICAL | 7.4 | ✅ YES |
| 4 | **No Certificate Pinning** | 🟡 MEDIUM | 5.3 | ⚠️ Conditional |
| 5 | **Configurable SSL Flag (default OFF)** | 🟡 MEDIUM | 5.9 | ⚠️ Conditional |

**Combined CVSS Score:** 8.1/10 (High Severity)

---

## 🎯 Attack Vectors

### Attack Vector #1: MITM on Public WiFi

**Scenario:**
1. User connects to compromised WiFi (coffee shop, airport)
2. Attacker performs ARP spoofing or DNS hijacking
3. Attacker redirects game traffic to malicious server
4. Attacker presents self-signed certificate
5. Game accepts certificate without validation
6. Attacker intercepts all game data

**Data at Risk:**
- Synergy ID (user identifier)
- Progress/save data
- In-game currency balances
- Career progression
- Server communications

**Likelihood:** 🟡 MEDIUM (requires active attack)  
**Impact:** 🔴 HIGH (full data interception)

---

### Attack Vector #2: DNS Hijacking

**Scenario:**
1. Attacker compromises user's DNS (router hack, malicious DNS server)
2. User inputs server URL: `https://rr3.example.com`
3. DNS resolves to attacker's IP instead
4. Attacker presents fake certificate
5. Game accepts it due to disabled validation
6. User unknowingly connects to malicious server

**Data at Risk:**
- User credentials (if implemented)
- Progress data sent to attacker
- Malicious game modifications

**Likelihood:** 🟢 LOW (requires DNS compromise)  
**Impact:** 🔴 HIGH (complete server impersonation)

---

### Attack Vector #3: Local Network Interception

**Scenario:**
1. User on compromised local network (infected router, corporate MITM)
2. Attacker performs transparent proxy
3. Attacker replaces SSL certificates
4. Game accepts replacement certificates
5. All traffic flows through attacker

**Data at Risk:**
- All network communications
- Real-time gameplay data
- Server responses

**Likelihood:** 🟢 LOW (requires network access)  
**Impact:** 🔴 HIGH (complete visibility)

---

## 🛡️ Security Recommendations

### For Community Server Operators

#### ✅ **Option 1: Use Let's Encrypt (Recommended)**

**Pros:**
- Free, automated certificates
- Valid CA signatures
- Works with ANY SSL validator
- Easy renewal (90-day cycle)

**Setup:**
```bash
# Using Certbot
certbot certonly --standalone -d rr3.example.com

# Auto-renewal
certbot renew --dry-run
```

**Result:** Even though validation is disabled in APK, you have a proper certificate for users with patched/secure clients.

---

#### ✅ **Option 2: Self-Signed Certificate**

**Pros:**
- Free
- Complete control
- Works due to disabled validation

**Cons:**
- Not trusted by browsers
- Won't work with fixed APK

**Generation:**
```bash
# Generate self-signed cert
openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:4096 -keyout key.pem -out cert.pem -days 365 -nodes

# For ASP.NET Core
dotnet dev-certs https --export-path cert.pfx --password YourPassword
```

**Result:** Works perfectly with current APK since validation is disabled.

---

#### ✅ **Option 3: HTTP Only (Development)**

**Pros:**
- Simplest setup
- No certificate management
- Fast testing

**Cons:**
- ⚠️ NO ENCRYPTION - traffic visible on network
- Not recommended for production

**When to Use:**
- Local testing only
- Isolated networks
- Development environments

---

### For Security-Conscious Users

#### 🔒 **Option 1: Fix the APK (Advanced)**

**Changes Needed:**

1. **Enable SSL Validation in CloudcellTrustManager:**
```smali
# In CloudcellTrustManager.smali
# Change: m_bSSLCheck = false
# To:     m_bSSLCheck = true

.field private m_bSSLCheck:Z

.method public constructor <init>(...)
    # ...
    const/4 v0, 0x1  # Change 0x0 to 0x1 (true)
    iput-boolean v0, p0, Lcom/firemonkeys/cloudcellapi/CloudcellTrustManager;->m_bSSLCheck:Z
```

2. **Implement Proper TrustManager in Http.java:**
```smali
# Replace Http$1.smali checkServerTrusted with:
.method public checkServerTrusted([Ljava/security/cert/X509Certificate;Ljava/lang/String;)V
    .locals 2
    
    # Get default TrustManagerFactory
    invoke-static {}, Ljavax/net/ssl/TrustManagerFactory;->getDefaultAlgorithm()Ljava/lang/String;
    move-result-object v0
    invoke-static {v0}, Ljavax/net/ssl/TrustManagerFactory;->getInstance(Ljava/lang/String;)
    
    # Delegate to system trust manager
    invoke-virtual {v0, p1, p2}, Ljavax/net/ssl/X509TrustManager;->checkServerTrusted(...)
    return-void
.end method
```

3. **Use Proper HostnameVerifier:**
```smali
# In HttpRequest.smali and Http.smali
# Change: SSLSocketFactory.ALLOW_ALL_HOSTNAME_VERIFIER
# To:     HttpsURLConnection.getDefaultHostnameVerifier()

invoke-static {}, Ljavax/net/ssl/HttpsURLConnection;->getDefaultHostnameVerifier()
move-result-object v0
invoke-static {v0}, Ljavax/net/ssl/HttpsURLConnection;->setDefaultHostnameVerifier(...)
```

**Result:** APK will only accept properly signed certificates from trusted CAs.

---

#### 🔒 **Option 2: Use VPN**

**Recommendation:**
- Connect through trusted VPN when using community servers
- Prevents local network MITM attacks
- Encrypts all traffic to VPN endpoint

---

#### 🔒 **Option 3: Trusted Networks Only**

**Best Practice:**
- Only use community servers on home/trusted networks
- Avoid public WiFi when playing
- Be cautious of unknown networks

---

## 📊 Comparison: Current vs. Secure Implementation

| Feature | Current APK | Secure APK | Impact |
|---------|-------------|------------|--------|
| **TLS/SSL Encryption** | ✅ Enabled | ✅ Enabled | No change |
| **Certificate Validation** | ❌ Disabled | ✅ Enabled | Rejects invalid certs |
| **Hostname Verification** | ❌ Disabled | ✅ Enabled | Rejects domain mismatches |
| **Self-Signed Certs** | ✅ Accepted | ❌ Rejected | Requires valid CA |
| **Expired Certs** | ✅ Accepted | ❌ Rejected | Must be current |
| **Let's Encrypt** | ✅ Works | ✅ Works | Compatible |
| **MITM Attacks** | 🔴 Vulnerable | ✅ Protected | Security improved |

---

## 🎮 For Community Server Users: What You Need to Know

### ✅ **Is My Data Encrypted?**

**YES** - Data is encrypted using TLS/SSL during transmission. Network eavesdroppers cannot read your traffic without an active MITM attack.

### ⚠️ **Am I Safe from MITM Attacks?**

**NO** - The game accepts any SSL certificate, including fake ones. If an attacker intercepts your connection, they can read all game data.

**Risk Level by Network:**
- 🟢 **Home WiFi (Secure):** LOW risk - attacker needs access to your router
- 🟡 **Public WiFi (Coffee Shop):** MEDIUM risk - easier to attack
- 🟡 **Corporate Network:** MEDIUM risk - IT admins can intercept
- 🟡 **Hotel WiFi:** MEDIUM risk - shared infrastructure

### 🛡️ **How to Protect Myself?**

1. **Use Trusted Networks:** Play on home WiFi only
2. **Use VPN:** Encrypts traffic before it reaches network
3. **Trust Server Operator:** Choose reputable community servers
4. **Check Certificate:** Use browser to verify server's SSL certificate
5. **Wait for Secure APK:** Community may release hardened version

### 📱 **Should I Be Worried?**

**For Most Users: NO**

**Why:**
- Game data isn't sensitive (no passwords, credit cards, etc.)
- Synergy ID is just a game identifier
- Progress data is game-related only
- EA has already shut down official servers (no real-money IAP)

**When to Worry:**
- Using public/untrusted WiFi frequently
- Server operators are unknown
- Suspicious network activity

**Overall Assessment:** Low real-world risk for a discontinued mobile game with community servers.

---

## 🔬 Technical Deep Dive

### SSL/TLS Implementation Details

#### **TLS Version Support**

```smali
# From HttpRequest.smali
const-string v3, "TLS"
invoke-static {v3}, Ljavax/net/ssl/SSLContext;->getInstance(Ljava/lang/String;)
```

**Supported Versions:**
- TLS 1.0 ✅
- TLS 1.1 ✅
- TLS 1.2 ✅
- TLS 1.3 ✅ (Android 10+)

**Note:** "TLS" protocol string enables highest version supported by Android OS.

---

#### **Cipher Suites**

**Default:** Uses Android system default cipher suites (not customized)

**Typical Suites (Android 8+):**
- `TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256`
- `TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256`
- `TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384`
- `TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384`

**Security:** Strong cipher suites with forward secrecy (ECDHE) and AEAD encryption (GCM).

---

#### **TrustManager Chain**

```java
// Custom trust manager bypasses default validation
TrustManager[] trustManagers = new TrustManager[]{
    new CloudcellTrustManager(this)  // Custom, validation disabled
};

SSLContext sslContext = SSLContext.getInstance("TLS");
sslContext.init(null, trustManagers, new SecureRandom());

HttpsURLConnection.setDefaultSSLSocketFactory(
    new TLSSocketFactory(sslContext.getSocketFactory())
);
```

**Flow:**
1. TLS handshake initiated
2. Server presents certificate
3. `CloudcellTrustManager.checkServerTrusted()` called
4. Method checks `m_bSSLCheck` flag → **false**
5. Returns immediately without validation
6. Connection accepted

---

### Code Locations Reference

| Security Component | File Path | Lines |
|-------------------|-----------|-------|
| **CloudcellTrustManager** | `smali_classes2/com/firemonkeys/cloudcellapi/CloudcellTrustManager.smali` | 56-76 |
| **Empty TrustManager** | `smali_classes2/com/firemint/realracing/Http$1.smali` | 38-42 |
| **ALLOW_ALL_HOSTNAME_VERIFIER** | `smali_classes2/com/firemonkeys/cloudcellapi/HttpRequest.smali` | 111 |
| **ALLOW_ALL_HOSTNAME_VERIFIER** | `smali_classes2/com/firemint/realracing/Http.smali` | 179-181 |
| **SSL Flag (m_bSSLCheck)** | `smali_classes2/com/firemonkeys/cloudcellapi/CloudcellTrustManager.smali` | 24 |

---

## 📝 Summary & Conclusion

### ✅ **What's Good**

1. **TLS/SSL encryption is enabled** - Data is encrypted in transit
2. **Strong cipher suites** - Modern encryption algorithms used
3. **No certificate pinning** - Allows community servers flexibility
4. **Accepts self-signed certificates** - Easy local testing

### ❌ **What's Bad**

1. **Certificate validation disabled** - Accepts invalid/expired certificates
2. **Hostname verification disabled** - Accepts certificates for wrong domains
3. **Empty TrustManager** - Zero validation in Http.java implementation
4. **MITM vulnerability** - Attackers can intercept traffic on compromised networks

### 🎯 **Bottom Line**

**For Community Server Project:**
This is actually **beneficial** - you can use self-signed certificates or Let's Encrypt without any issues. The disabled validation means:
- ✅ Easy setup with any SSL certificate
- ✅ Works with localhost, 10.0.2.2, custom domains
- ✅ No need for expensive certificates
- ✅ Quick development/testing

**For Security:**
Yes, there are vulnerabilities, but the real-world risk is **low** for a discontinued mobile game. Users aren't transmitting sensitive data (passwords, credit cards), just game progress.

**Recommendation:**
- Use Let's Encrypt for production servers (free, proper certificates)
- Document the security tradeoffs for users
- Consider releasing a "hardened" APK variant for security-conscious users
- Add SSL certificate verification toggle in settings (let users choose)

---

**Analysis Complete:** February 23, 2026  
**Next Steps:** Implement server-side HTTPS with Let's Encrypt  
**Security Status:** Known vulnerabilities documented, mitigation strategies provided